The laparoscopic standard operations are:

• Female Castration
• Cryptorchid Castration
• Biopsies of the Liver
• Prostate
• Lymph Nodes
• Tumors
• Intestinal Biopsies
• Prophylactic Gastropexy

For the above, a large variety of endoscopes can be used:

In smaller animals the "semiflexible" 2 mm endoscope is used for laparoscopy, in big animals the endoscopes with an outside diameter of 5 mm and 10 mm, laparoscopically or in thoracoscopy. Trocars, forceps and other instruments are available to the user in 2 mm to 10 mm diameter.

Advantages of Laparoscopy:

Examination of the entire abdominal cavity together with better visualization (magnifcation factor 6 – 8) distinguish this minimally invasive procedure. Further aspects are the reduced patient trauma and shorter convalescence with a better cosmetic result.

Another minimally invasive field of use is thoracoscopy, in particular diagnostics and therapy of the follwing diseases:

• Pleura
• Mediastinum
• Lung
• Pericardium
• Diaphragm
• Vascular anomalies
• Ductus thoracicus

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